Electronic Key to Malvaceae

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KEYS TO MALVACEAE s.l.

The family Malvaceae (in broad sense) now includes Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae and Bombacaceae. These families are still treated separately here, to enable easy identification of the genera using the keys provided. To avoid confusion, the latin terms sensu stricto (s.s.) and sensu lato (s.l.) are used to indicate the broad concept and strict concept respectively. It is important to note that the Malvaceae s.l. is now comprised of nine subfamilies (Malvoideae, Bombacoideae, Dombeyoideae, Sterculioideae, Brownlowioideae, Helicteroideae, Tilioideae, Grewioideae and Byttnerioideae).

The key to the families and the keys to the genera of Sterculiaceae s.s and Tiliaceae s.s. are taken directly from Leistner (ed.) 2000

The key to the dicotyledon groups has been modified to lead only to the groups in which the Malvaceae s.s., Tiliaceae s.s., Sterculiaceae s.s. and Bombacaceae s.s. are found. The Group keys (Group 4, 7 and 8) have been modified to only include the steps which will lead to Malvaceae s.s., Tiliaceae s.s., Sterculiaceae s.s. and Bombacaceae s.s..

KEY TO MALVACEAE s.l. in relation to other PLANT FAMILIES

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF 2 OR MORE FREE CARPELS WITH SEPARATE STYLES AND STIGMAS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF 1 CARPEL OR OF 2 OR MORE UNITED CARPELS WITH UNITED OR FREE STYLES, OR IF CARPELS FREE BELOW THEN STYLES OR STIGMAS UNITED

PLACENTATION PARIETAL OR MARGINAL: OVULES 2 OR MORE IN THE OVARY, BORNE ON ITS OUTER WALL OR SOMETIMES ON INTRUSIONS THEREOF:

OVARY SUPERIOR:

PETALS ABSENT; PERIANTH MEMBERS, IF PRESENT, ALL ± SIMILAR OR PETALS UNITED

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PETALS FREE

STAMENS 6, TETRADYNAMOUS (INNER 4 LONG, OUTER 2 SHORT); SEPALS 4; PETALS 4 OR FEWER; LEAVES WITHOUT STIPULES; HERBS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

STAMENS NOT TETRADYNAMOUS:

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF 1 CARPEL, THUS WITH ONLY 1 PLACENTA IN OVARY:

FLOWERS REGULAR; PETALS 5 OR FEWER, SOMETIMES 1; LEAVES SIMPLE OR COMPOUND; TREES OR SHRUBS OR HERBS, SOMETIMES CLIMBING

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

FLOWERS IRREGULAR:

LEAVES 2-PINNATE; STIPULES PRESENT; TREES, SHRUBS OR HERBS, SOMETIMES CLIMBING; FLOWERS IN SPIKES OR HEADS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE, 1-PINNATE OR 1-3-FOLIOLATE:

LEAVES PINNATE OR 3-FOLIOLATE, THE LEAFLETS DOTTED WITH PELLUCID GLANDS, AT LEAST AT MARGIN; TREES OR SHRUBS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE OR 1-FOLIOLATE, WITHOUT PELLUCID GLANDS:

LEAVES TOOTHED; STIPULES PRESENT; STAMENS AS MANY AS AND OPPOSITE PETALS, UNITED AT BASE; HERBS OR SMALL SHRUBS

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

LEAVES ENTIRE; STIPULES ABSENT; STAMENS MORE NUMEROUS THAN PETALS; TREES OR SHRUBS, SOMETIMES CLIMBING

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF 2 OR MORE UNITED CARPELS, THUS WITH 2 OR MORE PLACENTAS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY ± INFERIOR

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PLACENTATION AXILE, BASAL OR APICAL: 1 OR MORE OVULES IN THE OVARY, BORNE ON THE CENTRAL AXIS, OR THE BASE OR APEX OF THE OVARY, OR PLACENTATION INDISTINCT:

OVARY SUPERIOR:

PETALS ABSENT; PERIANTH MEMBERS, IF PRESENT, ALL ± SIMILAR PETALS NOT UNITED

OVARY WITH 2 OR MORE OVULES IN EACH LOCULE:

PLANTS AQUATIC; MOSS-LIKE OR LIVERWORT-LIKE IN HABIT, GROWING ON ROCKS; FLOWERS SMALL AND INCONSPICUOUS; STAMENS 1 OR 2; OVARY WITH MANY OVULES; FRUIT A CAPSULE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PLANTS TERRESTRIAL, NOT MOSS-LIKE OR LIVERWORT-LIKE IN HABIT:

LEAVES REDUCED TO SCALES FORMING TOOTHED SHEATHS SURROUNDING NODES OF PINE NEEDLE-LIKE JOINTED BRANCHLETS; TREES WITH UNISEXUAL FLOWERS; MALE FLOWERS IN SPIKES; FEMALE FLOWERS IN HEADS; STAMEN 1; OVARY 1-LOCULAR WITH 2 COLLATERAL OVULES; STYLE WITH 2 ELONGATED BRANCHES

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES WELL DEVELOPED, NOT REDUCED TO SCALES:

LEAVES OPPOSITE OR WHORLED OR ALL RADICAL

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES ALTERNATE, NOT ALL RADICAL:

LEAVES PINNATE; TREES, POLYGAMOUS OR WITH FLOWERS ALL UNISEXUAL; OVARY 2-LOCULAR WITH 2 OVULES IN EACH LOCULE; FRUIT INDEHISCENT

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE OR DIGITATE:

OVARY 1-LOCULAR; FLOWERS IN RACEMES OR SPIKES…

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY 2- OR MORE-LOCULAR:

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF 3 OR MORE LOOSELY UNITED CARPELS, IN FRUIT SEPARATING INTO AS MANY FOLLICLES (OR FEWER BY ABORTION); TREES OR SHRUBS WITH FLOWERS BOTH BI- AND UNISEXUAL; LEAVES SIMPLE OR DIGITATE; SEPALS VALVATE, UNITED BELOW; STAMENS UNITED INTO A COLUMN

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

GYNOECIUM COMPOSED OF COMPLETELY UNITED CARPELS, IN FRUIT FORMING A CAPSULE, OR INDEHISCENT OR FINALLY SEPARATING INTO WINGED COCCI

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY WITH 1 OVULE IN EACH LOCULE:

OVARY 2- OR MORE-LOCULAR:

LEAVES PINNATE OR 3-FOLIOLATE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE, SOMETIMES LOBED OR MUCH DIVIDED OR REDUCED TO SCALES OR STIPULAR SPINES:

FLOWERS UNISEXUAL OR PLANTS POLYGAMOUS:

OVARY 5-LOCULAR, CARPELS LOOSELY UNITED AND BECOMING SEPARATE IN FRUIT; CALYX PRESENT, VALVATE, SEPALS UNITED BELOW; STAMENS 5-10, UNITED INTO A COLUMN; LEAVES ALTERNATE; TREES OR SHRUBS

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

OVARY 2-4-LOCULAR, CARPELS COMPLETELY UNITED AND NOT BECOMING SEPARATE IN FRUIT

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

FLOWERS BISEXUAL

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY 1-LOCULAR

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PETALS FREE PETALS NOT UNITED

OVARY 1-LOCULAR, SOMETIMES SEPTATE TOWARDS BASE:

SEPALS 1 OR 2, FREE, SOMETIMES CADUCEUS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

SEPALS (OR CALYX LOBES) 3 OR MORE, SOMETIMES ± OBSOLETE (CALYX ANNULAR):

LEAVES OPPOSITE OR WHORLED, NOT ALL RADICAL

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES ALTERNATE, SOMETIMES ALL RADICAL:

LEAVES COMPOUND WITH 3 OR MORE LEAFLETS; TREES OR SHRUBS, SOMETIMES CLIMBING

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE OR 1-FOLIOLATE:

OVARY WITH 1 OVULE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY WITH 2 OR MORE OVULES:

LEAVES WITH STIPULES:

STAMENS AS MANY AS AND OPPOSITE PETALS, UNITED AT BASE; PETALS AND STAMENS HYPOGYNOUS; HERBS OR SHRUBLETS WITH STELLATE HAIRS

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

STAMENS MORE NUMEROUS THAN PETALS, FREE; PETALS AND STAMENS PERIGYNOUS, INSERTED AT MOUTH OF CALYX TUBE; TREES OR SHRUBS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES WITHOUT STIPULES; TREES OR SHRUBS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

 

OVARY 2- OR MORE-LOCULAR:

STAMENS OPPOSITE AND USUALLY AS MANY AS PETALS:

FILAMENTS ± UNITED INTO A TUBE OR CUP, SOMETIMES ALTERNATING WITH STAMINODES; CALYX LOBES VALVATE; HERBS OR SHRUBS, OFTEN WITH STELLATE HAIRS

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

FILAMENTS FREE, NOT ALTERNATING WITH STAMINODES

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

STAMENS, AT LEAST THOSE OF INNER WHORL, ALTERNATING WITH PETALS, AS MANY AS OR MORE NUMEROUS OR FEWER THAN PETALS:

LEAVES COMPOUND, WITH 2 OR MORE LEAFLETS:

INFLORESCENCES BEARING TENDRILS; CLIMBING SHRUBS OR HERBS; LEAVES PINNATE OR 2-TERNATE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

INFLORESCENCES WITHOUT TENDRILS:

HERBS; STAMENS MOSTLY TWICE AS MANY AS PETALS, SOMETIMES AS MANY AS PETALS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

TREES OR SHRUBS, SOMETIMES CLIMBING:

ANTHERS 1-THECOUS; LEAVES DIGITATE, 3-9-FOLIOLATE; STAMENS 10 OR MORE, FILAMENTS UNITED BELOW

BOMBACACEAE s.s.

ANTHERS 2-THECOUS; LEAVES PINNATE OR 2-PINNATE OR 2- OR 3-FOLIOLATE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES SIMPLE OR 1-FOLIOLATE, SOMETIMES DEEPLY DIVIDED:

PERIANTH STRONGLY IRREGULAR; SEPALS 3 OR SOMETIMES 5, THE MEDIAN ONE SPURRED; PETALS 3; STAMENS 5, ANTHERS UNITED AROUND OVARY; FRUIT AN EXPLOSIVELY DEHISCENT CAPSULE; HERBS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PERIANTH REGULAR OR SLIGHTLY IRREGULAR:

PLANTS VISCID; SUBSHRUBS; LEAVES WITH GLAND-TIPPED TENTACLES WHICH TRAP INSECTS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

PLANTS NOT VISCID:

LEAVES OPPOSITE OR WHORLED, NOT ALL RADICAL

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES ALTERNATE OR FASCICLED, SOMETIMES ALL RADICAL:

OVARY WITH 1 OVULE IN EACH FERTILE LOCULE (SOMETIMES 1 OR 2 OF THE LOCULES EMPTY):

FLOWERS UNISEXUAL OR PLANTS POLYGAMOUS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

FLOWERS BISEXUAL:

ANTHERS 1-THECOUS; STAMENS NUMEROUS, FILAMENTS ± UNITED INTO A TUBE AROUND THE STYLE; SEPALS VALVATE, WITH OR WITHOUT AN EPICALYX; PLANTS OFTEN WITH STELLATE HAIRS

MALVACEAE s.s.

ANTHERS 2-THECOUS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

OVARY WITH 2 OR MORE OVULES IN EACH LOCULE:

STAMENS AS MANY AS OR FEWER THAN PETALS

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

STAMENS MORE NUMEROUS THAN PETALS:

LEAVES WITHOUT STIPULES

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

LEAVES WITH STIPULES:

SEPALS IMBRICATE; PLANTS WITHOUT STELLATE HAIRS; OVARY 5-LOCULAR WITH 2 OVULES IN EACH LOCULE

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

SEPALS (OR CALYX LOBES) VALVATE; PLANTS OFTEN WITH STELLATE HAIRS:

FILAMENTS FREE OR ALMOST SO; TREES, SHRUBS OR HERBS

TILIACEAE s.s.

FILAMENTS ± UNITED INTO A TUBE OR INTO GROUPS OF 2 OR 3:

ANTHERS 2-THECOUS; TREES OR SHRUBS

STERCULIACEAE s.s.

ANTHERS 1-THECOUS; HERBS, SHRUBS OR SOMETIMES TREES

MALVACEAE s.s.

Ovary INFERIOR

THIS IS NOT A CHARACTER OF MALVACEAE s.l.

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KEY TO THE GENERA OF MALVACEAE s.s.

THE FLOWER HAS AN EPICALYX

THE FRUIT IS A SCHIZOCARP

STYLE BRANCHES=10; CARPELS=5

CARPELS WITH HOOKED SPINES

URENA

CARPELS WITHOUT HOOKED SPINES

PAVONIA

STYLE BRANCHES=CARPELS

EPICALYX BRACTS +5

ALTHAEA

EPICALYX BRACTS -5

AWNS/BEAKS PRESENT

AWNS =2

MODIOLA

AWNS =1

LEAVES LOBED

MALVAVASTRUM

LEAVES UNLOBED

SPHAERALCEA

AWNS/BEAKS ABSENT

SCHIZOCARP WITH DEPRESSED CENTRE

MALVA

SCHIZOCARP WITHOUT DEPRESSED CENTRE

SCHIZOCARP WITH CROWNED CENTRE

LAVATERA

SCHIZOCARP WITHOUT CROWNED CENTRE

LAVATERA

THE FRUIT IS A CAPSULE

STAMINAL LOBES SPLITTING AT APEX

CIENFUEGOSIA

STAMINAL LOBES NOT SPLITTING AT APEX

INDEHISCENT CAPSULE

EPICALYX 3-5

THESPESIA

EPICALYX 6

ABELMOSCHUS

DEHISCENT CAPSULE

EPICALYX FUSED TO CALYX

AZANZA

EPICALYX NOT FUSED TO CALYX

EPICALYX BRACTS +5

BRACTS 12

RADYERA

BRACTS -12

GLOBOSE CAPSULE

HIBISCUS

5-ANGLED CAPSULE

KOSTELETZKYA

EPICALYX BRACTS -5

COARSELY DENTATE EPICALYX, CALYX?

GOSSYPIOIDES

TRUNCATE CALYX

GOSSYPIUM

THE FLOWER HAS NO EPICALYX

THE FRUIT IS A CAPSULE

HIBISCUS

THE FRUIT IS A SCHIZOCARP

PETALS PINK

ANODA

PETALS ORANGE OR YELLOW

LEAVES LONG PETIOLED, MERICARPS LATERALLY COMPRESSED

ABUTILON

LEAVES NOT LONG PETIOLED, MERICARPS NOT LATERALLY COMPRESSED

AWN/BEAK 3, STYLE BRANCHES 5-

WISSADULA

AWN/BEAK -3(0), STYLE BRANCHES 5+

SIDA

KEY TO THE GENERA OF STERCULIACEAE s.s.

PETALS ABSENT; FLOWERS UNISEXUAL OR SOMETIMES BISEXUAL; MAINLY TREES

STAMENS MANY, WITH ANTHERS CAPITATE ON APEX OF STAMINAL COLUMN

STERCULIA

STAMENS 10(12), WITH ANTHERS IN A REGULAR OR WAVY WHORL AROUND APEX OF STAMINAL COLUMN

COLA

PETALS PRESENT; FLOWERS BISEXUAL; MOSTLY PERENNIAL HERBS, SHRUBLETS, OR UNDERSHRUBS, SOMETIMES SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES:

STAMINODES CONSPICUOUS:

FIBROUS HERBS OR UNDERSHRUBS; PETALS BECOMING DETACHED, PERSISTING LIKE A CAP ON THE OVARY; 5 FERTILE STAMENS

MELHANIA

SHRUBS OR SMALL TREES; PETALS BECOMING PAPERY, PERSISTENT; 10-15 FERTILE STAMENS

DOMBEYA

STAMINODES 0 OR INCONSPICUOUS:

OVARY 5-LOCULAR

LOCULES 2-OVULATE; FILAMENTS ± CONNATE INTO A TUBE; ANTHERS OBLONG-ELLIPTIC, GLABROUS

MELOCHIA

LOCULES 3-MANY-OVULATE; FILAMENTS FREE OR SLIGHTLY CONNATE AT THE BASE, ± OBOVATE OR TUBERCULATE-CRUCIFORM; ANTHERS TAPERING TO AN ACUMINATE APEX, PUBESCENT, PILOSE OR CILIOLATE

HERMANNIA

OVARY 1-LOCULAR

WALTHERIA

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TILIACEAE s.s.

FRUIT A SOMEWHAT FLESHY TO DRY, (1)2-4-LOBED DRUPE

GREWIA

FRUIT A GLABROUS, HAIRY OR DENSELY BRISTLY CAPSULE:

FLOWERS WHITE, PINKISH OR MAUVE, 4-MEROUS. SOME STAMENS STERILE WITH NO ANTHERS OR, IF STERILE STAMENS VERY FEW OR APPARENTLY ABSENT, THE FILAMENTS NODOSE

SPARMANNIA

FLOWERS YELLOW, 5-MEROUS, SOMETIMES 4-MEROUS BUT THEN CAPSULE POD-LIKE. ALL THE STAMENS FERTILE, FILAMENTS NEVER NODOSE.

FRUITS GLOBOSE, BRISTLY, SPINY OR WITH CONICAL, SPINE-TIPPED TUBERCLES; OVULES 2 PER LOCULE

TRIUMFETTA

FRUITS USUALLY LONG AND POD-LIKE, RARELY ELLIPSOID OR OVOID; OVULES MORE THAN 2 PER LOCULE OR, IF ONLY 2, THEN CAPSULE SMOOTH; LEAVES OFTEN TAILED AT THE BASE

CORCHORUS

---

THE GENERA OF MALVACEAE s.l.

ADANSONIA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF ADANSONIA IN THE FSA REGION: A. DIGITATA

ALTHAEA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF ALTHAEA IN THE FSA REGION: A. LUDWIGII

ANODA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF ANODA IN THE FSA REGION: A. CRISTATA

AZANZA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF AZANZA IN THE FSA REGION: A. GARCKEANA

GOSSYPIOIDES

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF GOSSYPIOIDES IN THE FSA REGION: G. KIRKII

HERMANNIA KEY smart key

Updated key

5-ANGLED CALYX

H. ANGULARIS

CALYX NOT 5-ANGLED

HEAVILY TWISTED PETALS, SLIGHTLY STICKING OUT OF CALYX; CALYX PINCHING CLOSED AT APEX

LEAVES CRENATE

STIPULES LINEAR TO LANCEOLATE; APEX ACUTE TO ATTENUATE, NOT SPLIT

CALYX BRACTS PARCHMENT-LIKE; WITH TUFTS OF HAIR

H. COMOSA

CALYX BRACTS VELVETY; WITHOUT TUFTS OF HAIR

H. JOHANSSENII

STIPULES BROAD WITH SPLITTING APEX

H. CORDATA

LEAVES ENTIRE OR WITH ONLY A CRENATE OR DENTATE APEX

LEAVES LINEAR-OBDELTOID, IF ELLIPTIC THEN WITH CRENATE OR DENTATE APEX

CALYX SCABROUS

H. RUDIS

CALYX NOT SCABROUS

LEAVES SESSILE OR SUBSESSILE

H. TRIFOLIATA

LEAVES NOT SESSILE BUT RATHER WITH SMALL PETIOLES

LEAVES SPATULATE IN SHAPE WITH A CRENATE APEX (SMALL TEETH)

H. TERNIFOLIA

LEAVES ELLIPTIC WITH SERRATE MARGINS (LARGER TEETH)

H. HYSSOPIFOLIA

LEAVES ELLIPTIC AND ENTIRE

LEAF VEINS NOT BULGING

H. MUCRONULATA

LEAF VEINS SLIGHTLY BULGING OR WITH VERY OBVIOUS BULGING

LEAVES GREY GREEN, SLIGHTLY BULGING VEINS (VELVETY LEAVES)

H. SUAVIS

LEAVES YELLOW GREEN, EXTREME BULGING (SCABROUS LEAVES)

H. SALVIFOLIA varieties

MOST OF THE PETAL VISIBLE, IF ONLY SLIGHTLY VISIBLE THEN CALYX NOT PINCHED AT THE APEX

CALYX LONGER THAN PETALS; PETALS NOT TWISTED WHEN OPEN; STAMENS STICKING OUT…SOLITARY FLOWERS

FLOWER BRACTS TINY OR APPEARING ABSENT

LEAVES VERY SMALL, OBDELTOID IN SHAPE

H. MINIMIFOLIA

LEAVES LARGER, LINEAR IN SHAPE

LEAVES VELVETY ON BOTH SIDES

LEAVES WITH CRENATE APEX

H. ENGLERI

LEAVES WITH TOOTHED (SERRATE) MARGIN

H. GUERKEANA

LEAVES ROUGH OR SCABROUS, AT LEAST ON THE ADAXIAL SURFACE

PETIOLES DENSELY STELLATE. NO GLAND TIPPED HAIRS.

H. MICROPETALA

PETIOLES WITH SIMPLE TRICHOMES, NOT DENSE. GLAND TIPPED HAIRS SCATTERED.

H. SOLANIFLORA

FLOWER BRACTS PRESENT

TRIFID FLOWER BRACT (CLEAR WHEN FLOWER HAS FALLEN OFF)

H. TOMENTOSA

NO OBVOUS TRIFID BRACT

LEAVES SCABROUS

STEM WITH VERY WOOLLY UNDERSTORY AND LEAF MARGINS

H. SEINERI

STEM WITHOUT WOOLLY UNDERSTORY AND LEAF MARGINS

H. EENII

ABAXIAL LEAF SURFACE ROUGH, NOT VERY SCABROUS

CAPSULES DENSELY STELLATE, WITHOUT SETAE ON SUTURES (LARGER)

H. BORAGINIFLORA

CAPSULES NOT DENSELY STELLATE, WITH SETAE ON SUTURES

H. GLANDULIGERA

CALYX NOT LONGER THAN PETALS

PETALS PEEPING OUT ONLY SLIGHTLY FROM THE CALYX…MORE THAN ONE FLOWER ON INFLORESCENCE

VERY LONG PEDUNCLES

H. AURICOMA

PEDUNCLES SHORT

FLOWERS SMALL AND CLUSTERED

H. CONGLOMERATA

FLOWERS LARGE AND SOLITARY

H. GRANDISTIPULA

PETALS CLEARLY VISIBLE

LONG THREAD-LIKE PEDUNCLES THAT ARE DARK

FLOWERS WHITE WITH PURPLE CENTRE

H. AMABILIS

FLOWERS ORANGE TO RED

H. TIGREENSIS

PEDUNCLES NOT LONG AND THREAD-LIKE

LARGE FLOWERS

CAPSULE WITH LONG HORNS

H. STRICTA

CAPSULE WITHOUT LONG HORNS

LEAVES FASCICLED

H. ELLIOTIANA

LEAVES NOT FASCICLED

LEAVES DEEPLY LOBED

H. GRANDIFLORA

LEAVES CRENATE

H. BURCHELLII

FLOWERS NOT SO LARGE

LEAVES GLABROUS OR SCABROUS ON BOTH SURFACES

LEAVES IMBRICATE OR FASCICLED AND SUBSESSILE

LEAVES WITH VERY OBVIOUS SETOSE TRICHOMES

WIDE LEAVES

H. MUIRII

VERY NARROW LEAVES

H. LINIFOLIA

LEAVES WITHOUT SETOSE TRICHOMES

CALYX BRACTS WITH DENSELY WOOLLY MARGINS (CLEARLY VISIBLE AND CONNECTING BRACTS), LARGE FLOWER BRACTS

H. LITTORALIS

CALYX BRACTS NOT WITH DENSELY WOOLLY MARGINS (IF BRACTS WITH WOOLLY MARGINS THEN NOT CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL BRACTS)

LARGE TRIANGULAR STIPULES WITH CLEARLY VISIBLE STELLATE TRICHOMES ON ENTIRE PLANT

H. STIPULACEA

STIPULES MORE NARROW

SHORT AND STOUT PLANTS WITH THICK SIDE BRANCHES

OBDELTIOID LEAVES

CALYX AND CALYX BRACTS NARROW

H. CUNEIFOLIA

CALYX AND CALYX BRACTS BROAD

H. PFEILII

LINEAR LEAVES

H. LINEARIFOLIA

MORE ERECT AND LONG BRANCHES

FILIFORM FLOWER BRACTS

TINY, CLUSTERED DARK RED FLOWERS

H. JOUBERTIANA

FLOWERS LARGER, YELLOW

LEAVES LINEAR

H. FILIFOLIA

LEAVES NOT LINEAR

LEAVES BECOMING WIDER AND NOT FOLDING

H. FLAMMEA

LEAVES NARROWER AND FOLDING IN

H. FLAMMULA

BROADER FLOWER BRACTS

LONG NARROW CALYX BRACTS, SHARP LOOKING

H. ANGUSTIBRACTEATA

TRIANGULAR ROUNDER CALYX BRACTS

H. PINNATA

LEAVES NOT IMBRICATED AND FASCICLED

VERY SMALL FLOWERS

LEAVES LINEAR OR LOBED

LEAVES LINEAR WITH SERRATE MARGINS

H. PARVULA

LEAVES LOBED

LOBES SHALLOW WITH SMALL ROUND LOBES

FLOWERS NOT BICOLORED

H. ARGILLICOLA

BICOLORED FLOWERS

H. PICTA

LOBES DEEP WITH LINEAR LOBES

H. CONFUSA

LEAVES ROUNDED

LEAF MARGINS MOSTLY ENTIRE

PLANT HAIRY BUT NOT DENSE, YOUNG LEAVES NOT CRISPED

H. UMBRATICA

PLANT DENSELY HAIRY, YOUNG LEAVES CRISPED

H. BRYONIFOLIA

LEAVES SERRATE

H. PARVIFLORA

FLOWERS LARGER

LEAVES NOT GLABROUS OR SCABROUS ON BOTH SURFACES

Older version

HEAVILY TWISTED PETALS ONLY SLIGHTLY STICKING OUT OF CALYX; CALYX PINCHING CLOSED AT APEX

LEAVES CRENATE

STIPULES LINEAR TO LANCEOLATE; APEX ACUTE TO ATTENUATE, NOT SPLIT

CALYX BRACTS LARGELY INFLATED AND PARCHMENT-LIKE; WITH TUFTS OF HAIR

H. COMOSA

CALYX BRACTS VELVETY; WITHOUT TUFTS OF HAIR

H. JOHANSSENII

STIPULES BROAD WITH SPLITTING APEX

H. CORDATA

LEAVES ENTIRE OR WITH ONLY A CRENATE OR DENTATE APEX

LEAVES LINEAR-OBDELTOID, IF ELLIPTIC THEN WITH CRENATE OR DENTATE APEX

CALYX BRACTS 5-ANGLED

H. ANGULARIS

CALYX BRACTS NOT 5-ANGLED

CALYX SCABROUS

H. RUDIS

CALYX NOT SCABROUS

LEAVES SESSILE OR SUBSESSILE

H. TRIFOLIATA

LEAVES NOT SESSILE BUT RATHER WITH SMALL PETIOLES

LEAVES SPATULATE IN SHAPE WITH A CRENATE APEX

H. TERNIFOLIA

LEAVES ELLIPTIC WITH SERRATE MARGINS

H. HYSSOPIFOLIA

LEAVES ELLIPTIC AND ENTIRE

H. MUCRONULATA H. SUAVIS AND H. SALVIFOLIA VARIETIES

MOST OF THE PETAL VISIBLE AND IF ONLY SLIGHTLY VISIBLE THEN CALYX NOT PINCHED AT THE APEX

CALYX LONGER THAN PETALS; PETALS NOT TWISTED WHEN OPEN AND STAMENS STICKING OUT

LEAVES ROUGH TO SCABROUS

THREAD-LIKE PEDUNCLE, BENDS WITHOUT BREAKING

H. SOLANIFLORA

PEDUNCLE STIFF, NOT THREAD-LIKE

LEAVES DISTICHOUS

H. SEINERI

LEAVES NOT DISTICHOUS

ABAXIAL LEAF SURFACE VERY SCABROUS

H. EENII

ABAXIAL LEAF SURFACE ROUGH, NOT VERY SCABROUS

H. AND H. GLANDULIGERA AND H. MICROPETALA

LEAVES SOFT

LEAVES TINY AND OBDELTOID TO OBELLIPTIC IN SHAPE WITH CRENATE APEX

STEMS GREEN

H. MINIMIFOLIA

STEMS BROWN

H. AFFINIS

LEAVES NOT TINY AND OBLONG IN SHAPE

LEAVES WITH SERRATE MARGIN

H. TOMENTOSA AND H. GUERKEANA

LEAVES MOSTLY ENTIRE

H. ENGLERI

CALYX NOT LONGER THAN PETALS

PETALS PEEPING OUT ONLY SLIGHTLY FROM THE CALYX

VERY LONG PEDUNCLES

H. AURICOMA

PEDUNCLES SHORT

FLOWERS SMALL AND CLUSTERED

H. CONGOMERATA

FLOWERS LARGE AND SOLITARY

H. GRANDISTIPULA

PETALS CLEARLY VISIBLE

LONG THREAD-LIKE PEDUNCLES THAT ARE DARK

FLOWERS WHITE WITH PURPLE CENTRE

H. AMABILIS

FLOWERS ORANGE TO RED

H. TIGREENSIS AND H. MODESTA

PEDUNCLES NOT LONG AND THREAD-LIKE

LARGE FLOWERS

CAPSULE WITH LONG HORNS

H. STRICTA

CAPSULE WITHOUT LONG HORNS

LEAVES FASCICLED

H. ELLIOTIANA

LEAVES NOT FASCICLED

LEAVES DEEPLY LOBED

H. GRANDIFLORA

LEAVES CRENATE

H. BURCHELLII

FLOWERS NOT SO LARGE

LEAVES GLABROUS OR SCABROUS ON BOTH SURFACES

LEAVES IMBRICATE OR FASCICLED AND SUBSESSILE

LEAVES WITH VERY OBVIOUS SETOSE TRICHOMES

H. MUIRII

LEAVES WITHOUT SETOSE TRICHOMES

LEAVES WITH LOBES

H. LITTORALIS

LEAVES WITHOUT LOBES

LEAVES ENTIRE WITH TOOTHED APEX

H. FLAMMEA, H. FLAMMULA AND H. CUNEIFOLIA AND H. PFEILII AND H. STIPULACEA

LEAVES ENTIRE, APEX NOT TOOTHED

H. JOUBERTIANA AND H. FILIFOLIA AND H. LINEARIFOLIA AND H. PINNATA AND H. LINIFOLIA AND H. ANGUSTIBRACTEATA

LEAVES NOT IMBRICATED AND FASCICLED, WITH PETIOLES

VERY SMALL FLOWERS

LEAVES LINEAR OR LOBED

H. PARVULA AND H. CONFUSA AND H. ARGILLICOLA AND H. PICTA

LEAVES ROUNDED

YOUNG LEAVES NOT CRISPED

H. PARVIFLORA AND H. UMBRATICA AND H. LINNAEOPSIS

YOUNG LEAVES CRISPED

H. BRYONIFOLIA

FLOWERS LARGER

LEAVES ENTIRE OR WITH ONLY THE APEX DENTATE

LEAVES WITH DENTATE APEX

FLOWERS YELLOW

H. SCABRA AND H. PILLANSII

FLOWERS PINK TO PURPLE

VERY NARROW AND THIN PEDUNCLES

H. GLANDULOSSISIMA

PEDUNCLES THICKER

H. HETEROPHYLLA AND H. TRIFURCA

LEAVES ENTIRE

H. INVOLUCRATA AND H. TRIFURCA AND H. DECIPIENS

LEAVES CRENATE TO SERRATE ON ENTIRE MARGIN OR LOBED

LEAVES SMALL AND ROUNDED

H. LINNAEOIDES

LEAVES NOT ROUNDED

FLOWER BRACTS LARGE WITH SPLITTING APEX, LEAVES WITH CORDATE BASE

H. TRANSVAALENSIS AND H. HUMIFUSA AND H. GERRARDII

FLOWER BRACTS NOT VERY LARGE, ONLY BIFID, LEAVES WITH ACUTE BASE

LEAVES CRENATE, SOMETIMES DENTATE, TO LOBED

LEAVES BECOMING LOBED

LEAVES VERY OBVIOUSLY DECUSSATE

H. LACERA AND H. DIFFUSA AND H. SIMULANS

LEAVES NOT DECUSSATE

LEAVES NARROW OR WITH LONG NARROW LOBES

LOBES IRREGULARLY SPACED

H. SISYMBRIFOLIA AND H. COCCOCARPA AND H. PULCHELLA AND H. ERODIOIDES AND H. RESEDIFOLIA AND H. DISSECTIFOLIA AND H. JUTTAE AND H. JACOBEIFOLIA AND CAMPANIFORMIS AND H. ACOCKSII AND H. GLABRATA AND H. LINEARIS AND H. PROCUMBENS

LOBES REGULARLY SPACED

LEAVES WITH LONG OR LARGE LOBES

H. ABROTANOIDES

LEAVES WITH SHORT LOBES

H. BICOLOR

LEAVES NOT NARROW MORE OVATE OR OBDELTOID

H. SCABRICUALUS AND H. MACRA AND H. STIPITATA AND H. GROSSULARIFOLIA

LEAVES NOT BECOMING LOBED

LEAVES CRENULATE-DENTICULATE

H. WOODII AND H. MULTIFLORA

LEAVES CRENATE

VERY STUMPY GROWTH

H. DEPRESSA AND H. SPINOSA

LARGE SPREADING PLANT

H. CERNUA

LEAVES SERRATE

STEMS WITH GLANDULAR TRICHOMES

FLOWERS PINK

H. GOSSERATTA

FLOWERS YELLOW

H. RAUTANENII

STEMS WITHOUT GLANDULAR TRICHOMES

FLOWERS RED OR PURPLE

FLOWERS RED

CAPSULE WITHOUT FRINGED EDGE

H. STELLATA AND H. FRUTICULOSA

CAPUSLE LARGE AND WITH FRINGED EDGE

H. CRISTATA

FLOWERS PURPLE OR PINK

H. SCHLECHTERIANA AND H. VIOLACEA AND H. HUMILIS

FLOWERS CREAM TO YELLOW

LEAVES LINEAR

H. QUARTINIANA AND H. DENUDATA VARIETIES AND H. SACCIFERA

LEAVES OVATE

H. VERONICIFOLIA

LEAVES NOT GLABROUS OR SCABROUS

LEAVES SHALLOWLY TO DEEPLY DIVIDED

SHALLOWLY DIVIDED

H. PAUCIFOLIA

DEEPLY DIVIDED

H. MEYERIANA AND H. MARGINATA AND H. PULVERATA

LEAVES NOT DEEPLY DIVIDED

FLOWERS TINY AND CLUSTERED

H. OLIGOSPERMA AND H. ALNIFOLIA AND H. HOLOSERICEA

FLOWERS NOT CLUSTERED EVEN IF TINY

LEAVES BICOLORED WITH SCABROUS OR ROUGH ADAXIAL SURFACE

H. ALTHAEOIDES AND H. VERDOORNIAE AND H. MURICATA AND H. DISTICHA AND H. DECUMBENS AND H. GRANDIFOLIA AND H. SCORDIFOLIA AND H. SANDERSONII AND H. ROGERSII AND H. HISPIDULA

LEAVES WITHOUT SCABROUS ADAXIAL SURFACE

LEAVES GREY-GREEN AND POWDERY TO THE TOUCH

FLOWERS TINY

H. MINUTIFLORA

FLOWERS NOT TINY

LEAVES MORE ROUND TO TRIANGULAR

H. VESTITA

LEAVES LONGER

CALYX PARCHMENT LIKE

H. AMOENA

CALYX NOT PARCHMENT LIKE

H. DISERMIFOLIA

LEAVES NOT GREY-GREEN AND POWDERY

LEAVES WITH GREY ABAXIAL SIDE

LEAVES INFOLDED AND WITH DENSELY WHITE-GREY WOOLY ABAXIAL SURFACE

H. ASPERA

LEAVES NOT INFOLDED

H. PRISMATOCARPA AND H. HELICOIDEA

LEAVES WITHOUT GREY ABAXIAL SIDE

LEAVES WITH VELUTINOUS ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES WHICH ARE THE SAME IN COLOUR

LEAVES ENTIRE TO SERRATE, ROUNDED AND NOT FOLDING

LEAVES ENTIRE

H. GARIEPIENA AND H. DIVERSISTIPULA AND H. VELUTINA AND H. ODORATA AND H. HELIANTHEMUM AND H. LAVENDULIFOLIA AND H. GRACILIS AND H. MONTANA AND H. DAMARANA AND H. ANTONII AND H. SULCATA AND H. BRACHYMALLA AND H. STAUROSTEMON

LEAVES SERRATE OR DENTATE

H. ALTHAEIFOLIA AND H. INCANA AND H. DESERTORUM AND H. COMPLICATA AND H. NANA

LEAVES ENTIRE, ROUNDED APEX, USUALLY FOLDING

LEAVES WITH DIFFERENTIATING ADAXIAL AND ABAXIAL SURFACES

LEAVES LANCEOLATE TO OBLONG, BICOLORED WITH A WOOLY ABAXIAL SURFACE

CALYX WITH LONG LOBES, ATTENUATING

H. LANCIFOLIA

CALYX WITH SHORT TRIANGULAR LOBES, ACUTE

H. OBLONGIFOLIA

LEAVES LARGE AND OVATE OR SMALLER WITH CRISPED EDGES

CALYX BRACTS VERY HAIRY, LARGE FLOWER, STIPULES VERY LARGE AND DIVIDED

H. GENICULATA

CALYX BRACTS LESS HAIRY, STIPULES MORE LANCEOLATE OR SMALL AND TRIANGULAR

H. BURKEI AND H. RIGIDA AND H. FLORIBUNDA AND H. REPETENDA AND H. RUGOSA AND H. MICRANTHA AND H. MALVIFOLIA

HIBISCUS KEY smart key

EPICALYX ABSENT

CAPSULE WITH ACUTE APEX WHEN CLOSED

H. LOBATUS

CAPSULE WITH FLAT ROUNDED APEX WHEN CLOSED

LEAVES ALWAYS ROUND

H. ELLIOTTIAE

LEAVES TRIPARTITE

H. SIDIFORMIS

EPICALYX PRESENT

EPICALYX FUSED AT BASE INTO A CUP; BASE LONGER THAN TEETH

H. TILIACEUS

EPICALYX FREE

EPICALYX BRACTS BIFID OR WITH A DISTINCT APPENDAGE

EPICALYX BRACTS SPOON SHAPED

H. SERUVIENSIS

EPICALYX BRACTS LINEAR WITH BIFID APEX

CALYX WITH STIFF HAIRS; CAPSULE DENSELY HAIRY

H. ALTISSIMUS

CALYX NOT WITH STIFF HAIRS, CAPSULE NOT HAIRY

H. MASTERSIANUS

EPICALYX BRACTS NOT BIFID AND WITH NO APPENDAGE

CALYX LARGE, BLADDER LIKE AND ENCLOSING CAPSULE

H. TRIONUM

CALYX NOT BLADDER LIKE, NOT ENCLOSING CAPSULE

CAPSULE WITH LARGE WINGS

subspecies step

H. VITIFOLIUS SUBSP.

subspecies step

H. VITIFOLIUS SUBSP.

CAPSULE WITHOUT WINGS

CAPSULE WITH ACUTE TO ATTENUATING APEX WHEN CLOSED

CAPSULE COVERED WITH SHORT TO LONG ARMED STELLATE TRICHOMES

NO LARGE STELLATE TRICHOMES

FIND CORRECT CHARACTERS

H. PLATYCALYX

FIND CORRECT CHARACTERS

H. CALYPHYLUS

BOTH SMALL AND LARGE STELLATE TRICHOMES

EPICALYX LARGE AND LEAF LIKE

H. LUDWIGII

EPICALYX LINEAR

EPICALYX ATTENUATING

H. DONGOLENSIS

EPICALYX NOT ATTENUATING

H. LUNARIFOLIUS

CAPSULE COVERED WITH LONG SIMPLE TRICHOMES

EPICALYX AND CALYX BRACTS WITH STIFF BULOBOUS TRICHOMES

GROUP TO SORT OUT- 4 SPECIES

EPICALYX AND CALYX WITHOUT BULBOUS TRICHOMES

CAPSULE WITH STIFF HARSH TRICHOMES

EPICALYX VERY LONG, STIFF AND DISTINCT

H. CAESIUS

EPICALYX NOT VERY LONG ETC

LEAVES ENTIRE OR WITH ONLY A FEW TEETH

H. PALMATUS

LEAVES CRENATE TO SERRATE ON WHOLE MARGIN

LEAVES CRENATE

H. PHYSALOIDES

LEAVES SERRATE

EPICALYX LINEAR AND DISTINCT, AROUND 1MM WIDE

H. PUSILLUS

EPICALYX TINY AND INDISTINCT

CAPSULE WITH ATTENUATING APEX

H. FLECKII

CAPSULE WITH ACUTE APEX

SETOSE STEMS

H. SCHINZII

NOT SETOSE

H. UPINGTONIA

CAPSULE WITH SOFT TRICHOMES

LEAVES NOT DIVIDED

H. RHABIDOSPERMIS

LEAVES DIVIDED

CAPSULE ATTENUATING

EPICALYX INCONSPICUOUS

H. ENGLERI

EPICALYX CONSPICUOUS

PEDUNCLE VERY LONG

H. PEDUNCULATUS

PEDUNCLE SHORT

H. SABDARIFFA

CAPSULE ACUTE

LEAFY EPICALYX

H. SAXATILIS

LINEAR EPICALYX

VERY THICK AND SHORT PEDUNCLE

H. KIRKII

LONG PEDUNCLE

H. ARIDIS

CAPSULE WITH ROUNDED APEX WHEN CLOSED

DARK BROWN, ESPECIALLY ON PEDUNCLE ETC

H. FUSCUS

NOT DARK BROWN

LEAVES LINEAR, MUCH LONGER THAN WIDE

EPICALYX SHRNKING DURING FRUITING STAGE

H. SULFURANTHUS

EPICALYX NOT SHRINKING

EPICALYX VERY SMALL

H. DISCOPHORUS

EPICALYX LARGE, PURPLE TINGED

H. MICROCARPUS

LEAVES NOT LINEAR

LEAVES BECOMING DIVIDED

LEAF LOBES ROUNDED

LOBES NOT DEEP, LEAF APPEARING TRIANGULAR

H. MEYERI SUBSP MEYERI

LOBES DEEPER

SMALL EPICALYX, CALYX AND FLOWER

H. MUTATUS

LARGER FLOWER PARTS

H. BARBOSA

LEAF LOBES LINEAR

LEAF MARGINS DEEPLY PARTITE

H. MARLOTHIANUS

LEAF MARGINS ENTIRE TO SERRATE

LEAF MARGINS SERRATE

H. ALLEINII

LEAF MARGINS ENTIRE

H. DINTERI

LEAVES NOT DIVIDED, ELLIPTIC TO ROUNDED

LEAVES DENSELY STELLATE WITH A DENSELY HAIRY UNDERSTORY, LIGHT GREEN

BROAD EPICALYX, PINK FLOWER

LEAF VEINS BULGING OUT

H. WATERBERGENSIS

LEAF VEINS NOT BULGING OUT

H. CODDII

NARROW EPICALYX, YELLOW FLOWER

LEAF SHAPE RENIFORM OR VERY ROUND, LEAF VEINS BULGING OUT

H. RENIFORMIS

LEAF SHAPE LESS ROUND, LEAF VEINS NOT BULGING OUT

H. CASTROI

LEAVES DENSELY STELLATE, WITHOUT UNDERSTORY, DARKER GREEN

GROUP TO SORT OUT- 4 SPECIES

KOSTELETZKYA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF KOSTELETZKYA IN THE FSA REGION: K. BUETTNERI

MALVASTRUM

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF MALVASTRUM IN THE FSA REGION: M. COROMANDELIANUM

MELOCHIA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF MELOCHIA IN THE FSA REGION: M. CORCHORIFOLIA

MODIOLA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF MODIOLA IN THE FSA REGION: M. CAROLINIANA

PAVONIA KEY

LEAVES PALMATISECT, PALMATIFID OR TRIPARTITE, DEEPLY DIVIDED MORE THAN HALF WAY

LEAF LOBES WITH DENTATE MARGINS; 10–17 EPICALYX BRACTS, LINEAR AND MUCH LONGER THAN CALYX BRACTS; MERICARPS WITH TRUNCATE APEX AND WITH LATERAL SIDES EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES OR PAPERY WINGS

LATERAL SIDES OF MERICARPS EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES

P. TRANSVAALENSIS

LATERAL SIDES OF MERICARPS EXTENDING INTO PAPERY WINGS

LEAVES PALMATISECT WITH 5 SIMILAR LOBES (SOMETIMES WITH THE LOWER 2 BEING MUCH SMALLER); MERICARPS ALWAYS LIGHT BROWN AND HORIZONTALLY OVAL IN SHAPE

P. CLATHRATA

. LEAVES HASTATE, SAGGITATE (WITH TWO BASAL LOBES) OR RARELY TRIPARTITE (WITH 3 SIMILAR LOBES); MERICARPS USUALLY RED (SOMETIMES LIGHT BROWN) AND VERTICALLY OVAL IN SHAPE OR HORIZONTALLY ROUNDED TO OBCORDATE

P. REHMANNII

LEAF LOBES WITH CRENATE MARGINS; 5–6 EPICALYX BRACTS, SPATULATE OR IF LINEAR THEN SHORTER THAN OR EQUAL TO CALYX BRACTS; MERICARPS WITH SHORT, ACUTE APICAL TIP OR WITH THREE DISTINCT AWNS AND WITH LATERAL SIDES NOT EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES OR PAPERY WINGS

LEAVES WITH 5–7 SIMILAR LOBES; EPICALYX BRACTS SPATULATE, LONGER THAN CALYX BRACTS; MERICARPS WITH CONVEX LATERAL SIDES AND WITH A SMALL APICAL TIP

P. DREGEI

LEAVES WITH 3 LOBES; EPICALYX BRACTS LINEAR, SHORTER THAN OR EQUAL TO CALYX BRACTS; MERICARPS WITH FLATTENED LATERAL SIDES AND WITH 3 DISTINCT APICAL AWNS

P. URENS

LEAVES SIMPLE, SOMETIMES SHALLOWLY DIVIDED LESS THAN HALF WAY

MERICARPS WITH 3 DISTINCT APICAL AWNS

P. URENS

MERICARPS WITH A ROUNDED APEX OR WITH 1–3 SMALL APICAL TIPS

MERICARPS WITH LATERAL SIDES EXTENDING INTO PAPERY WINGS

P. REHMANNII

MERICARPS WITH LATERAL SIDES EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES OR WITHOUT LATERAL EXTENSIONS

LEAVES WITH TRUNCATE APEX AND MORE OR LESS OBLIQUE BASE

P. PRAEMORSA

LEAVES WITH ROUNDED OR ACUTE APEX AND CORDATE BASE

10–12 EPICALYX BRACTS, LINEAR AND LONGER THAN CALYX BRACTS; WHITE FLOWERS; MERICARPS WITH LATERAL SIDES EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES

LEAVES NOT DISCOLOUROUS OR ONLY SLIGHTLY SO; MERICARPS 5 MM LONG

P. DENTATA

LEAVES DISCOLOUROUS, MERICARPS 3 MM LONG

P. LEPTOCALYX

5–6 EPICALYX BRACTS, LINEAR AND SHORTER THAN OR EQUAL TO CALYX BRACTS OR IF EPICALYX BRACTS ARE LANCEOLATE TO OVATE THEN CAN BE LONGER THAN CALYX BRACTS; MERICARPS WITH LATERAL SIDES CONVEX, NOT EXTENDING INTO BONY RIDGES

MERICARPS LONGER THAN 5 MM

LEAVES 20–80 MM IN LENGTH, MERICARPS WITH LANATE AND STRIGOSE TRICHOMES

P. SENEGELENSIS

LEAVES 12–55 MM IN LENGTH, MERICARPS WITH CRINITE TRICHOMES

STEMS DENSELY COVERED WITH SCABROUS-STELLATE TRICHOMES

P. STELLATA

STEMS DENSELY COVERED WITH PUBESCENT AND SCATTERED GLANDUALAR TRICHOMES

P. ELEGANS

MERICARPS 3 MM LONG

EPICALYX BRACTS LINEAR, CALYX BRACTS HARD

P. COLUMELLA

EPICALYX BRACTS OVATE TO LANCEOLATE, CALYX BRACTS PAPERY

P. BURCHELLII

RADYERA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF RADYERA IN THE FSA REGION: R. URENS

SPHAERALCEA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF SPHAERALCEA IN THE FSA REGION: S. BONARIENSIS

THESPESIA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF THESPESIA IN THE FSA REGION: T. ACUTILOBA

WALTHERIA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF WALTHERIA IN THE FSA REGION: W. INDICA

URENA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF URENA IN THE FSA REGION: U. LOBATA

WISSADULA

THERE IS ONLY ONE SPECIES OF WISSADULA IN THE FSA REGION: W. ROSTRATA